A Systematic Review of Pea Protein Supplementation and Sports Performance
Bezelye Proteini Takviyesi ve Spor Performansı Üzerine Sistematik Bir Derleme
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51271/jashso.64Keywords:
pea protein, sport perfomance, whey protein, exerciseAbstract
The global market for protein-based ergogenic aids, a cornerstone of sports nutrition, has experienced significant growth in recent years. While animal-based supplements have traditionally dominated this sector, the rising demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives has led to a dramatic increase in the popularity of plant-based proteins. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of pea protein supplementation in sports performance and to provide a comprehensive perspective on how it differentiates from other protein sources in the literature.
References
1. Vuori IM. Health benefits of physical activity with special reference to interaction with diet. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:517–28.
2. Walker KZ, ODea K, Gomez M, Girgis S, Colagiuri R. Diet and exercise in the prevention of diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23:344–52.
3. Balagué N, Torrents C, Hristovski R, Kelso J. Sport science integration: An evolutionary synthesis. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17:51–62.
4. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71:112–9.
5. Arenas-Jal M, Suñé-Negre JM, Pérez-Lozano P, García-Montoya E. Trends in the food and sports nutrition industry: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60:2405–21.
6. Orrù S, Imperlini E, Nigro E, Alfieri A, Cevenini A, Polito R, et al. Role of functional beverages on sport performance and recovery. Nutrients. 2018;10:1470.
7. Baysal A. Beslenme. Hatiboğlu Yayınevi 2004.
8. Tomé D. Digestibility issues of vegetable versus animal proteins: protein and amino acid requirements—functional aspects. Food Nutr Bull. 2013;34:272–4.
9. Watford M, Wu G. Protein. Adv Nutr. 2018;9:651–3.
10. San Gabriel A, Uneyama H. Amino acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract. Amino Acids. 2013;45:451–61.
11. Wu G. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. 2009;37:1–17.
12. Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Stoll B, van Goudoever JB. Role of the gut in the amino acid economy of the host. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2000;3:25–40.
13. Li P, Yin YL, Li D, Kim SW, Wu G. Amino acids and immune function. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:237–52.
14. FAO. Dietary protein evaluation in human nutrition. FAO Food Nutr Pap. 2013;92:1–66.
15. Hoffer LJ, Bistrian BR. Appropriate protein provision in critical illness: a systematic and narrative review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:591–600.
16. Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA. Present knowledge in nutrition: basic nutrition and metabolism. Academic Press 2020.
17. Trommelen J, Tomé D, van Loon LJ. Gut amino acid absorption in humans: concepts and relevance for postprandial metabolism. Clin Nutr Open Sci. 2021;36:43–55.
18. FAO Expert Consultation. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition. FAO Food Nutr Pap. 2011;92:1–66.
19. Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1621–31.
20. Rand WM, Pellett PL, Young VR. Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:109–27.
21. Phillips SM. Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes. British Journal of Nutrition. 2012;108(S2):S158-S67.
22. Ammar A, Bailey SJ, Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Turki M, Hökelmann A, Souissi N. Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2018;120:1201–16.
23. Parsaie N, Ghavamzadeh S, Cheraghi M. Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on inflammatory markers and muscle damage indices of soccer players after a simulated soccer match. Nutrition. 2019;59:37–43.
24. Jówko E, Sadowski J, Długołęcka B, Gierczuk D, Opaszowski B, Cieśliński I. Effects of Rhodiola rosea supplementation on mental performance, physical capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men. J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7:473–80.
25. Orlando P, Silvestri S, Galeazzi R, Antonicelli R, Marcheggiani F, Cirilli I, et al. Effect of ubiquinol supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress indexes after intense exercise in young athletes. Redox Rep. 2018;23:136–45.
26. Apostolidis A. Caffeine supplementation: ergogenic effects across exercise intensities. Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2019;14.
27. Hsu TH, Chiu CC, Wang YC, Chen TH, Chen YH, Lee YP, et al. Supplementation with beef extract improves exercise performance and reduces post-exercise fatigue independent of gut microbiota. Nutrients 2018;10:1740.
28. Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:20.
29. Torre-Villalvazo I, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Valle-Ríos R, Noriega LG. Protein intake and amino acid supplementation regulate exercise recovery and performance through the modulation of mTOR, AMPK, FGF21, and immunity. Nutr Res. 2019;72:1–17.
30. Cintineo HP, Arent MA, Antonio J, Arent SM. Effects of protein supplementation on performance and recovery in resistance and endurance training. Front Nutr. 2018;5:400140.
31. Forbes SC, Candow DG, Smith-Ryan AE, Hirsch KR, Roberts MD, VanDusseldorp TA, et al. Supplements and nutritional interventions to augment high-intensity interval training physiological and performance adaptations—A narrative review. Nutrients. 2020;12:390.
32. Lam FC, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of whey protein supplements on vital sign and physical performance among athletes: A network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:317.
33. Banaszek A, Townsend JR, Bender D, Vantrease WC, Marshall AC, Johnson KD. The effects of whey vs. pea protein on physical adaptations following 8-weeks of high-intensity functional training (HIFT): A pilot study. Sports. 2019;7:12.
34. Berrazaga I, Micard V, Gueugneau M, Walrand S. The role of the anabolic properties of plant-versus animal-based protein sources in supporting muscle mass maintenance: a critical review. Nutrients. 2019;11:1825.
35. Kerksick CM, Jagim A, Hagele A, Jäger R. Plant proteins and exercise: what role can plant proteins have in promoting adaptations to exercise? Nutrients. 2021;13:1962.
36. Phillips SM, Chevalier S, Leidy HJ. Protein requirements beyond the RDA: implications for optimizing health. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:565–572.
37. Meiselman HL. Handbook of eating and drinking. Springer. 2020.
38. Radnitz C, Beezhold B, DiMatteo J. Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons. Appetite. 2015;90:31–36.
39. Lynch H, Johnston C, Wharton C. Plant-based diets: considerations for environmental impact, protein quality, and exercise performance. Nutrients. 2018;10:1841.
40. Grünberger K. Estimating food consumption patterns by reconciling food balance sheets and household budget surveys. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014.
41. Krefting J. The appeal of pea protein. J Ren Nutr. 2017;27:e31–3.
42. Rhodes DG, Morton S, Martin CL, Adler ME, Hymes MA, Garceau AO, et al. 2016 food and nutrient database for dietary studies. US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 2018.
43. Ruscigno M. Pea protein. Todays Dietitian 2016;18:32.
44. Stark M, Lukaszuk J, Prawitz A, Salacinski A. Protein timing and its effects on muscular hypertrophy and strength in individuals engaged in weight-training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9:54.
45. Asgar MA, Fazilah A, Huda N, Bhat R, Karim AA. Nonmeat protein alternatives as meat extenders and meat analogs. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2010;9:513–29.
46. World Health Organization, United Nations University. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Health Organization 2007.
47. Lam ACY, Karaca AC, Tyler RT, Nickerson MT. Pea protein isolates: structure, extraction, and functionality. Food Rev Int. 2018;34:126–47.
48. Nelson AR, Jackson L, Clarke J, Stellingwerff T, Broadbent S, Rowlands DS. Effect of post-exercise protein–leucine feeding on neutrophil function, immunomodulatory plasma metabolites and cortisol during a 6-day block of intense cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113:2211–22.
49. Rowlands DS, Nelson AR, Raymond F, Metairon S, Mansourian R, Clarke J, et al. Protein-leucine ingestion activates a regenerative inflammo-myogenic transcriptome in skeletal muscle following intense endurance exercise. Physiol Genomics. 2016;48:21–32.
50. Shanthakumar P, Klepacka J, Bains A, Chawla P, Dhull SB, Najda A. The current situation of pea protein and its application in the food industry. Molecules. 2022;27:5354.
51. Prado E, Souza GH, Pegurier M, Vieira C, Lima-Neto ABM, Assis M, et al. Non-targeted sportomics analyses by mass spectrometry to understand exercise-induced metabolic stress in soccer players. Int J Mass Spectrom. 2017;418:1–5.
52. Phillips SM, Tipton KD, Aarsland ASLE, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR. Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1997;273:E99–E107.
53. Biolo G, Maggi SP, Williams BD, Tipton KD, Wolfe RR. Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1995;268:E514–20.
54. Hortobágyi T, Dempsey L, Fraser D, Zheng D, Hamilton G, Lambert J, Dohm L. Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. J Physiol. 2000;524:293–304.
55. Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Falkel JE, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1994;76:1247–55.
56. Green H, Goreham C, Ouyang J, Ball-Burnett M, Ranney D. Regulation of fiber size, oxidative potential, and capillarization in human muscle by resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 1999;276:R591–6.
57. McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Dickinson A, Pattany PM, Fleck SJ. Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 1996.
58. Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Senor BB, Lemon PW, Schwarcz H. Whole body leucine metabolism during and after resistance exercise in fed humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23:326–33.
59. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Prisma Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8:336–341.
60. Coutinho LAA, Cerqueira LS, Rodrigues AVS, Porto CPM, Pierucci APTR. Co-ingestion of carbohydrate and pea protein does not enhance muscle recovery after strenuous exercise. Rev Nutr. 2014;27:367–77.
61. Kritikos S, Papanikolaou K, Draganidis D, Poulios A, Georgakouli K, Tsimeas P, et al. Effect of whey vs. soy protein supplementation on recovery kinetics following speed endurance training in competitive male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18:23.
62. Lazarim FL, Antunes-Neto JM, Da Silva FO, Nunes LA, Bassini-Cameron A, Cameron LC, et al. The upper values of plasma creatine kinase of professional soccer players during the Brazilian National Championship. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12:85–90.
63. Shenoy S, Dhawan M, Sandhu JS. Four weeks of supplementation with isolated soy protein attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage and enhances muscle recovery in well trained athletes: a randomized trial. Asian J Sports Med. 2016;7:e33528.
64. Lu ZX, He JF, Zhang YC, Bing DJ. Composition, physicochemical properties of pea protein and its application in functional foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60:2593–2605.
65. Babault N, Païzis C, Deley G, Guérin-Deremaux L, Saniez MH, Lefranc-Millot C, Allaert FA. Pea proteins oral supplementation promotes muscle thickness gains during resistance training: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial vs whey protein. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:3.
66. Loureiro LL, Ferreira TJ, Cahuê FLC, Bittencourt VZ, Valente AP, Pierucci APTR. Comparison of the effects of pea protein and whey protein on the metabolic profile of soccer athletes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1210215.
67. Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Pedersen SS, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Lejel T, et al. Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:1295–1308.
68. Nieman DC, Zwetsloot KA, Simonson AJ, Hoyle AT, Wang X, Nelson HK, et al. Effects of whey and pea protein supplementation on post-eccentric exercise muscle damage: a randomized trial. Nutrients. 2020;12:2382.
69. Saracino PG, Saylor HE, Hanna BR, Hickner RC, Kim JS, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of pre-sleep whey vs plant-based protein consumption on muscle recovery following damaging morning exercise. Nutrients. 2020;12:2049.
70. Spoelder M, Koopmans L, Hartman YA, Bongers CC, Schoofs MC, Eijsvogels TM, Hopman MT. Supplementation with whey protein, but not pea protein, reduces muscle damage following long-distance walking in older adults. Nutrients. 2023;15:342.
71. Ahmad AH, Ong MLY, Ooi FK. Combined effects of plant-based protein supplementation with 8-week resistance training on muscular strength, protein catabolism, immune functions and bone metabolism markers in adult males. 2020.
72. Saracino PG, Saylor HE, Hanna BR, Hickner RC, Kim JS, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of pre-sleep whey vs plant-based protein consumption on muscle recovery following damaging morning exercise. Nutrients. 2020;12:2049.
73. Nieman DC, Zwetsloot KA, Simonson AJ, Hoyle AT, Wang X, Nelson HK, et al. Effects of whey and pea protein supplementation on post-eccentric exercise muscle damage: a randomized trial. Nutrients. 2020;12:2382.
74. Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Pedersen SS, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Lejel T, et al. Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:1295–1308.
75. Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Hansen M, Bertram HC. Acute changes in the metabolome following resistance exercise combined with intake of different protein sources (cricket, pea, whey). Metabolomics. 2023;19:98.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All content published in Journal of Advanced Studies in Health Science and Obesity (JASHSO) is licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 International License.
This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator.